TWO DEMOCRACIES AND THE ECHOES OF TYRANNY
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
The rising authoritarian tendencies in both India and the U.S., drawing parallels with India’s 1975 Emergency and warning how democratic institutions can be undermined legally from within. The warning is timely as global democracies face internal threats to constitutional values.
Background of the Emergency (1975):
- Declared by PM Indira Gandhi on June 25, 1975, using Article 352 after her election was invalidated by a court ruling.
- Civil liberties were curbed, the press was censored, and thousands of opposition leaders and citizens were detained.
- Misuse of Legal Provisions:
- No coup or violent uprising took place; the Emergency was legally declared.
- Dissent became criminalized under laws like MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act).
- Indira Gandhi claimed to protect democracy, but used constitutional loopholes to centralize power.
- Institutional Complicity:
- Judiciary, bureaucracy, and media largely surrendered to executive control.
- Supreme Court upheld suspension of even the right to life; only Justice H.R. Khanna dissented and was sidelined for his integrity.
- H.V. Kamath’s Early Warning:
- Kamath, a Constituent Assembly member, had cautioned against unchecked emergency powers, comparing them to Nazi Germany’s legal dictatorship.
Emergency in Indian Constitution , Who Has the Power?
- President of India: The President declares Emergency under the Constitution, but only on the advice of the Union Cabinet (headed by the Prime Minister). The President cannot act on his/her own.
- Union Cabinet (Prime Minister + Ministers): The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers make a formal recommendation to the President to impose Emergency.
- Parliament Approval Needed: After the President declares Emergency, it must be approved by Parliament within 1 month. Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha must approve it by a special majority.
How Emergency Affects Democracy
- Suspension of Fundamental Rights: Citizens lose basic rights like freedom of speech, expression, and liberty. During the 1975 Emergency, even the right to life was suspended.
- Censorship of Media: The press is controlled by the government. Newspapers are not allowed to publish freely or criticize the government.
- Arrests Without Trial: People, including political opponents, activists, and students, are jailed without court trials using laws like MISA.
- Weakening of Parliament and Judiciary: Parliament becomes a rubber stamp, passing laws without real debate.: Courts lose independence, often supporting the government.
- Concentration of Power: All powers are centralized in the hands of one leader or party, leading to dictatorship-like rule.
U.S. Trends and Similar Concerns
- Erosion of Checks and Balances: MJudge J. Michael Luttig warned that U.S. democracy is vulnerable from within, echoing India’s Emergency. Former President Trump reportedly used state institutions for personal and political gain, undermining democratic accountability.
- Passive Institutions: Congress, judiciary, and media have been slow or hesitant to check executive overreach.
Lessons for Democracies
- Constitutions Are Not Self-Sufficient: They must be protected by courageous individuals and vigilant institutions. Laws can be misused when institutions weaken and public accountability fades.
- Need for Democratic Vigilance: The experience of India in 1975 is a reminder that tyranny often appears lawful.Democracy must be defended daily — not just in elections, but in every act of governance and resistance.
Conclusion
The Emergency in India and current global trends show that democracies die not just with force, but with silence and legality. Upholding the rule of law and institutional integrity is vital to prevent the rise of authoritarianism.
COLLEGIUM SYSTEM AND THE ASSURANCES OF TRANSPARENCY
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai recently assured that the collegium system for appointing judges will remain transparent, merit-based, and inclusive. His remarks came amid concerns about political interference and internal dissent in the judicial appointment process.
Highlights from CJI Gavai’s Address
Commitment to Transparency and Merit
- The CJI stated that the collegium will function with full transparency going forward.
- Emphasized that merit will not be compromised under any circumstance.
- Representation from diverse sections of society will be ensured in judicial appointments.
Inclusivity in Judicial Appointments
- The judiciary will work towards fair representation of all communities and regions.
- The process will avoid any external influence or bias.
Responding to Concerns on Collegium Integrity
- The CJI addressed public concerns raised by Justice Dipankar Datta regarding external interference.
- Assured that all names recommended by the collegium will be given due and fair consideration.
Clarification on the Role of the CJI
- He emphasized that the Supreme Court is not dominated by one person.
- The Chief Justice is “first among equals,” and decisions are taken collectively.
What is the Collegium System?
- The Collegium System is a method used in India for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- It is not mentioned in the Constitution, but was created through Supreme Court judgments.
- The system ensures judicial independence by giving the judiciary a major role in selecting judges
How Does the Collegium System Work? (In Simple Points)
For Supreme Court Judges
- The Collegium is headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
- It includes the 4 senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
- They recommend names for appointment to the Supreme Court.
- The recommendation is sent to the central government.
- The government can ask the Collegium to reconsider once.
- If the Collegium reaffirms the name, the government must appoint the judge.
For High Court Judges
- The High Court Collegium consists of:
- The Chief Justice of that High Court, and
- 2 senior-most judges of that High Court.
- They recommend names to the Supreme Court Collegium.
- The Supreme Court Collegium reviews and finalizes the names.
- The final list goes to the Law Ministry and then to the President of India for approval.
Key Features
- Ensures independence of the judiciary from the executive.
- Final authority lies with the judiciary, not the government.
- Exists due to Supreme Court rulings, especially the Three Judges Cases.
Conclusion
CJI Gavai’s assurance reinforces the judiciary’s commitment to fairness, transparency, and inclusion in appointments. His remarks aim to strengthen public trust in the collegium system amidst rising scrutiny.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ROLE IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: INDIAN EXPRESS
NITI Aayog released a report titled “Chemical Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains,” outlining strategies to strengthen India’s position in the global chemical sector.
The report highlights current challenges, opportunities, and a roadmap to increase India’s market share in global value chains by 2030.
Overview of India’s Chemical Industry
- India is the 6th largest producer of chemicals globally and 3rd in Asia.
- The sector contributed 7% to India’s GDP in 2023 with a market size of $220 billion.
- Supplies key inputs to agriculture, pharma, textiles, automotive, and construction sectors.
- Expected to grow to $400–450 billion by 2030 and potentially reach $1 trillion by 2040.
- India currently holds only a 3.5% share in global chemical value chains.
Segments in the Industry
- Petrochemicals: Largest segment ($65–75 billion); India has a negative production-consumption balance.
- Specialty Chemicals: High-value, low-volume ($40–45 billion); forms 50% of exports.
- Inorganic Chemicals: Core inputs in construction, electronics, and water treatment ($15–20 billion).
- Other Segments: Includes fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and personal care ($90 billion).
Major Challenges
- High Import Dependency: India imported $75 billion worth of chemicals (mainly from China), with a $31 billion trade deficit in 2023.
- Weak R&D Investment: Only 0.7% of spending goes into research vs. 2.3% global average.
- Poor Infrastructure: Outdated facilities and high logistics costs.
- Complex Regulations: Delays in environmental clearances.
- Talent Shortage: 30% shortfall in skilled professionals, especially in advanced areas.
- Limited Diversification: Overfocus on bulk chemicals instead of high-end products.
Seven Strategic Interventions
- World-Class Chemical Hubs: Establish empowered central committees and revamp existing clusters like Dahej and Paradip.
- Improve Port Infrastructure: Develop 8 coastal clusters and dedicated chemical terminals.
- Opex Subsidy Scheme: Incentives for increased production based on import and export dynamics.
- Boost R&D & Innovation: Collaborate with academia and industry; bring global technology through MNC tie-ups.
- Faster Environmental Approvals: Introduce deemed clearances and merge regulatory bodies for quick processing.
- Secure FTAs: Negotiate tariff relaxations and feedstock exemptions.
- Skill Development: Upgrade ITIs, create specialized training, and foster public-private apprenticeships.
Learning from China
- China raised its global share from 6% in 2000 to 35% in 2023.
- Focused on infrastructure, innovation, and policy stability.
- India can follow a similar path while adapting it to its federal and economic setup.
Conclusion
With the right policy push and investments, India’s chemical sector can be a key pillar in achieving the $5 trillion economy vision, enhancing exports, self-reliance, and global competitiveness in green and specialty chemicals.
INDIA PLANS RETALIATORY TARIFFS AGAINST THE U.S.
TOPIC: (GS3) ECONOMY: THE HINDU
India has notified the WTO of its intention to impose retaliatory tariffs worth $724 million on U.S. goods after the U.S. raised import duties on certain Indian automobile products. This action follows a breakdown in consultations between the two countries.
Background of the Dispute
U.S. Tariff Hike on Indian Goods
- On March 26, 2025, the U.S. increased import duties by 25% on passenger cars, light trucks, and auto parts from India.
- India argues that these are “safeguard measures” not aligned with WTO rules under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards (AoS).
India’s Response via WTO
- India informed the WTO on July 3, stating it reserves the right to withdraw trade concessions equal to the damage suffered.
- India estimated that U.S. tariffs would impact $2.89 billion worth of its exports and lead to losses of $723.75 million.
- In response, India proposes higher duties on selected U.S. products worth the same amount.
Legal Grounds and Previous Action
- According to Article 8 of AoS, India is allowed to suspend trade benefits if consultations fail.
- The U.S. did not conduct prior consultations with India under Article 12.3 of AoS.
- A similar notice was sent in May 2025 when India responded to U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminium, with potential retaliation worth $1.91 billion.
What is WTO?
- WTO stands for World Trade Organization – it is an international body that deals with the rules of trade between countries.
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
- It was established in 1995, replacing the old GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
- The WTO has 164 member countries (as of 2024), including India, and covers over 98% of world trade.
- Its main goal is to promote free, fair, and smooth trade across countries.
Main Functions of WTO
- Sets global trade rules and agreements between countries.
- Solves trade disputes when countries disagree on trade matters.
- Monitors trade policies of member countries.
- Helps developing countries through training and technical support.
- Organizes negotiations to reduce trade barriers like tariffs and quotas.
India–USA Trade: Key Points
- Total Bilateral Trade: India is the USA’s 10thlargest goods trade partner (2.4% of US trade), while the US was India’s largest goods partner, accounting for 10.8% of India’s trade .
- Exports to the U.S. Export growth: from $4.87 bn in 201617 to $77.5 bn in FY 202324. Major export items in 202324: Pharmaceuticals, Gems & jewellery, Telecom instruments
- Imports from the U.S.: Imports rose from $22.3 bn in 201617 to peak at $50.9 bn in 202223, then decreased to $42.2 bn in FY24. Key import categories: crude oil, machinery, aircraft, chemicals, and IT equipment.
- Trade Imbalance & Diplomacy: India enjoys a consistent surplus (~$35 bn in FY24).
Conclusion
India’s WTO notice highlights its stand against unilateral tariff hikes and defends its trade interests under international law. As trade talks continue, the situation underscores rising tensions in India-U.S. economic relations.
GOVERNMENT PLANS REMOVAL MOTION AGAINST HIGH COURT JUDGE
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: PIB
The Central Government is preparing to start the constitutional removal process of Justice Yashwant Varma of the Allahabad High Court on charges of alleged misconduct.
This will activate the rare and rigorous judicial removal mechanism under the Constitution.
Legal Provision for Judge Removal
- Article 124(4) – For Supreme Court Judges
- Article 217 – For High Court Judges
- Judges can be removed for “proved misbehaviour or incapacity.”
Step-by-Step Removal Process
Initiation of Motion
- A removal motion can begin in either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
- It must be supported by:
- 100 MPs in Lok Sabha, or
- 50 MPs in Rajya Sabha.
Admission by Presiding Officer
- The motion is submitted to the Speaker (Lok Sabha) or Chairperson (Rajya Sabha) for admission.
Formation of Inquiry Committee
- Under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, a 3-member panel is created:
- Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court Judge
- Chief Justice of a High Court
- A distinguished jurist
Investigation & Report
- The committee investigates the allegations and submits its report within 3 months (can be extended).
- If allegations are not proved, the matter ends.
Voting in Parliament
- If charges are proven, both Houses of Parliament must pass the motion by a special majority:
- Majority of total members, and
- Two-thirds of members present and voting
Final Step – Presidential Order
- If passed, the motion goes to the President, who signs the removal order.
Conclusion
The removal of a High Court judge is a serious and rare constitutional action requiring strong evidence and consensus. It is designed to ensure judicial accountability while preserving judicial independence.
UN REPORTS OVER 600 DEATHS NEAR GAZA AID POINTS
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU
The UN human rights office reported over 600 deaths near aid distribution points and humanitarian convoys in Gaza, raising serious concerns about civilian safety during aid operations. Many of the killings are linked to areas near the U.S.-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF) sites.
Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza
UN Findings
- The UN has recorded 613 deaths near humanitarian aid sites in Gaza since late May.
- 509 deaths are linked to areas near distribution points of the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF), supported by the U.S. and Israel.
- The exact responsibility for the killings hasn’t been confirmed, but the UN notes that Israeli forces have fired near these locations.
Ongoing Violence
- Israeli airstrikes on Friday killed 15 more Palestinians, including 8 women and 1 child.
- Additionally, 20 people were reportedly shot while waiting in line for aid.
UN’s Stand
- UN spokesperson Ravina Shamdasani called the situation unacceptable and ongoing.
- She emphasized that civilians must be protected, especially during humanitarian activities.
GAZA STRIP: INSTABILITY
- Hamas-Israel Conflict:
Since 2007, Gaza has been ruled by Hamas, a Palestinian militant group considered a terrorist organisation by Israel. This has led to frequent armed conflicts, rocket attacks, and retaliatory Israeli airstrikes, causing widespread destruction and civilian casualties. - Blockade and Humanitarian Crisis:
Israel and Egypt have imposed a land, air, and sea blockade on Gaza since 2007, citing security concerns. This has resulted in severe shortages of food, medicine, electricity, and essential goods, worsening poverty and unemployment. - Internal Palestinian Divisions:
There is a political split between Fatah (which governs the West Bank) and Hamas (which controls Gaza). This internal divide weakens Palestinian unity, hampers peace efforts, and contributes to governance failure and instability in Gaza.
Conclusion
The large number of deaths around aid sites in Gaza highlights the worsening humanitarian crisis and the urgent need for safe, unimpeded delivery of relief to civilians.
INDIA’S FIRST TRANSGENDER CLINIC REOPENS IN HYDERABAD
TOPIC: (GS2) SOCIAL JUSTICE: PIB
India’s first transgender-run healthcare facility, Mitr Clinic in Hyderabad, has reopened with the support of Tata Trusts. It marks a significant step toward inclusive, accessible, and community-led healthcare for the transgender population.
About Mitr Clinic
- Established in 2021, Mitr Clinic is the first clinic in India fully managed and staffed by transgender persons.
- Located in Hyderabad, the clinic aims to provide respectful and inclusive healthcare.
Key Services Offered
- Primary health care services for all individuals.
- Counselling and consultation for:
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Gender-affirmation surgeries
- Breast augmentation procedures
- Mental health support
- HIV and STI testing and treatment.
- Emotional and psychological support tailored for the trans community.
Significance of the Initiative
- Promotes dignity and accessibility in healthcare for the transgender community.
- Aims to address the social stigma and discrimination faced by transgender individuals in public health institutions.
- Encourages community leadership in managing healthcare systems.
Conclusion
The reopening of Mitr Clinic sets a precedent for inclusive healthcare models in India, focusing on the rights, needs, and dignity of the transgender population.
IOC ASKS INDIA TO ADDRESS GOVERNANCE AND DOPING ISSUES
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: PIB
India’s bid to host the 2036 Olympics has drawn attention from the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which has expressed concern over internal governance disputes and rising doping cases among Indian athletes.
Background of the Issue
- India has formally shown interest in hosting the 2036 Olympic Games.
- The IOC, while acknowledging India’s ambition, has flagged serious concerns over sports governance and doping violations.
- These issues could impact India’s chances of winning the hosting rights.
Major Concerns Raised by IOC
Governance Crisis in IOA
- Ongoing disputes between IOA President P.T. Usha and the Executive Council.
- Issues involve CEO appointment, financial mismanagement, and lack of unity.
- These internal conflicts have slowed down India’s sports preparation.
Rising Doping Violations
- As per WADA’s 2023 report, India had the highest doping positivity rate among major countries.
- India ranked second in doping cases among minors, just after Russia.
- In 2025, the Athletics Integrity Unit placed India second in track and field doping cases.
India’s Sports Performance
- India won only six medals (1 silver, 5 bronze) in the Paris 2024 Olympics, ranking 71st.
- Countries with smaller populations outperformed India, raising performance concerns.
Steps Taken by the Government
- National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA): Established in 2005, monitors doping cases.
- National Anti-Doping Act, 2022: Provides legal backing for anti-doping measures.
- Khelo India, TOPS, SAI, and MOC: Government programs to support sports and athletes.
Conclusion
India’s Olympic bid is a bold move, but addressing governance flaws and doping issues is essential. Reforms in sports management and performance improvement will decide India’s global credibility.