GENDER EQUITY IN URBAN BUREAUCRACY
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
The growing pace of urbanisation in India has highlighted the urgent need for gender balance in city planning and governance. Despite rising female representation at the grassroots, women remain underrepresented in urban bureaucracies, especially in decision-making roles.
Urban Transformation in India
- By 2050, over 800 million Indians will live in urban areas.
- This shift demands inclusive and gender-sensitive planning to ensure fair access to services and infrastructure.
- Constitutional reforms like the 73rd and 74th Amendments provided 33% reservation for women in local governments.
- Some states have extended this to 50% for Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Gap in Urban Bureaucracy
- While women’s participation in local politics has grown, urban administrative leadership remains male-dominated.
- Women make up only 20% of the Indian Administrative Service and even less in municipal and engineering roles.
- Only 11.7% of India’s urban workforce in core services like town planning, transport, and engineering are women.
- This gender gap affects how cities are designed and whom they serve.
Why Gender Equity Matters in Urban Governance
- Cities without gender-responsive planning often ignore women’s safety, mobility, and needs.
- For example, 84% of women in Delhi rely on public/shared transport, yet urban planning still gives priority to cars and highways.
- Including more women in bureaucracy helps align city planning with real needs and improves safety, access, and public services.
Missed Opportunities in Gender Budgeting
- Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) is an important tool to ensure that policies benefit all genders.
- States like Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala have started implementing GRB.
- However, at the city level, GRB is rarely used, making urban development less inclusive.
- Countries like Rwanda, Brazil, and South Korea have used GRB to improve healthcare, education, and women’s mobility.
Way Forward
- Institutionalise GRB in all urban bodies, backed by capacity building and funding.
- Increase women’s representation in urban planning, budgeting, and administrative posts.
- Ensure gender equity through policy reforms, leadership training, and inclusive design of urban services.
Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
- 33% Reservation: Reserves one-third (33%) of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies.
- Also Includes SC/ST Quota: Within the 33%, reservation is provided proportionately for SC and ST women.
- Applies to Lok Sabha & State Assemblies: Does not apply to Rajya Sabha or Legislative Councils.
- Implementation after Delimitation: Will be implemented only after the next delimitation exercise (likely after 2026 Census and delimitation).
- Reservation Validity: Reservation will continue for 15 years, but can be extended by Parliament.
- No Quota for OBCs: The bill does not include a separate quota for OBC women, which has been a demand from some political parties.
Women’s Participation in Recent Lok Sabha Elections (2024)
- Record Number of Women Elected: 74 women MPs elected to the 18th Lok Sabha – highest ever, but still only about 13.6% of total MPs.
- More Women Candidates: Over 800 women contested in 2024, compared to 724 in 2019.
- Low Representation Despite Rising Numbers: Women make up almost half of India’s population, yet their representation in Parliament is still low.
- States with High Women Winners: States like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha had relatively better representation of women MPs.
Conclusion:
As India moves toward becoming a $5 trillion economy, cities must work for everyone. Inclusive and gender-balanced urban governance is essential to building fairer, safer, and more equal cities—especially for women.
WEST ASIA RESET AND GLOBAL DE-ESCALATION
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU
The recent ceasefire between Israel and Iran marks a significant turning point in West Asia’s geopolitical landscape. This development signals a broader reset in the region, with global implications for peace and security.
Background of the Crisis
- The recent military confrontation between Israel and Iran saw attacks on Iranian nuclear facilities and missile responses.
- The United States supported Israel’s actions, with most global powers remaining silent.
- A ceasefire was later announced, marking the beginning of a strategic pause in hostilities.
New Power Balance in West Asia
- With Iran’s nuclear program now reportedly neutralized, Israel becomes the only nuclear power in the region.
- Over 40,000 American troops are stationed in the region, solidifying U.S. dominance.
- Regional players like Gulf countries, Egypt, and Jordan are now forced to adjust to this new reality.
Concerns Over Regional Stability
- Iran’s allies (Syria, Hezbollah, and Houthis) suffered in the conflict, weakening Iran’s influence.
- However, experts warn that destabilizing Iran could empower extremist groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda.
- A weakened Iran may also make way for proxy conflicts and power vacuums in places like Syria and Iraq.
Role of the United States
- U.S. actions were seen as supporting a shift in regional order, favoring Israel.
- Critics argue that America’s silence on Palestinian statehood and Gaza blockade adds to regional unrest.
- While the ceasefire is welcomed, it is seen as a short-term de-escalation, not a permanent solution.
Global Reactions and Strategic Implications
- European countries, Russia, and China largely chose not to interfere, despite their formal partnerships with Iran.
- This silence reflects the global acceptance of the West Asia reset, though it may come with long-term consequences.
- Analysts believe this could redraw the political map of West Asia, giving more space to Israel and diminishing the Arab world’s influence.
India’s Position
- India has remained neutral, avoiding statements in favour of either side.
- With large diaspora populations and strategic interests in the region, India prefers to maintain balanced ties with both Israel and Iran.
Conclusion:
The ceasefire between Israel and Iran may seem like a positive development, but the deeper geopolitical shifts signal long-term instability. True peace will require inclusive solutions and recognition of all regional concerns—especially the rights of Palestinians.
NUCLEAR BRINKMANSHIP – IRAN, ISRAEL & U.S. TENSIONS
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS
After days of heavy military exchanges, Israel and Iran have agreed to a ceasefire. However, concerns have grown over nuclear tensions as Israel reportedly targeted Iran’s nuclear sites with support from the U.S.
Background of the Conflict
- A 12-day-long exchange of missile strikes and air attacks between Iran and Israel recently took place.
- Following this, both countries agreed to a ceasefire, but the conflict raised global alarms over possible nuclear escalation.
- Israel’s actions included pre-emptive attacks on Iranian nuclear facilities, with U.S. backing.
Issues in the Current Crisis
- Iran is a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and has allowed international inspection of its nuclear program.
- However, recent attacks may have damaged Iran’s uranium enrichment facilities, increasing the risk of nuclear retaliation.
- Iran had earlier agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015 with the P5+1 countries, including the U.S.
- The deal collapsed after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA under President Trump, leading to renewed tensions.
Concerns Over Nuclear Escalation
- Israel’s refusal to sign the NPT or allow inspections raises fears of double standards and nuclear hypocrisy.
- Iran’s internal debate on quitting the NPT and building nuclear weapons is gaining traction in response to external threats.
- These actions may lead to regional instability and nuclear arms race, especially with Russia’s involvement in Ukraine.
Global Implications
- This situation highlights the failure of global nuclear norms, where powerful nations act without accountability.
- There is a need for global nuclear disarmament, especially among declared and undeclared nuclear powers.
BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT
Iran is a Shia-majority Islamic Republic, and Israel is a Jewish state. They do not share diplomatic ties and are long-time rivals in West Asia.
- Iran supports groups like Hezbollah (Lebanon) and Hamas (Palestine) that oppose Israel.
- Israel views Iran as a major security threat, especially due to Iran’s nuclear program.
Issues in the Conflict
Iran’s Nuclear Program:
- Iran is enriching uranium, which could be used to develop nuclear weapons.
- Israel fears Iran might make an atomic bomb, threatening its existence.
- In 2015, Iran signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with the P5+1 countries (US, UK, Russia, China, France + Germany), agreeing to limit its nuclear activities.
- In 2018, U.S. under Trump withdrew from JCPOA, and Iran resumed nuclear activities.
Israel’s Pre-emptive Strikes:
- Israel has allegedly carried out airstrikes on Iranian nuclear and military sites inside Iran and Syria.
- In April 2025, Israel launched airstrikes on Iran’s uranium enrichment sites, leading to severe tensions.
Iran’s Response:
- Iran launched missile and drone attacks targeting Israeli cities and military bases.
- The exchange of fire lasted over 12 days, raising fears of a wider war in West Asia.
International Reactions
- The United States supported Israel, providing diplomatic and possibly military support.
- European countries, Russia, and China largely stayed silent or avoided intervention.
- A ceasefire was declared in June 2025, after rising global concerns over nuclear escalation.
Current Situation
- Iran’s nuclear facilities are believed to be damaged.
- Israel remains the only nuclear-armed country in West Asia.
- Iran may rethink its commitment to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Global Concerns
- Fear of nuclear war or accidental conflict.
- Possibility of proxy wars intensifying in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
- Risk of empowering terrorist groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda due to instability.
India’s Position
- India has not taken sides and called for peace and de-escalation.
- With citizens in both countries, India launched Operation Sindhu to evacuate over 2,800 Indians from Iran and Israel in June 2025.
Conclusion:
The recent developments mark a dangerous phase in nuclear diplomacy. The world must push for restraint, accountability, and renewed global commitment to peace to avoid repeating the darkest moments of the Cold War.
OPERATION SINDHU – EVACUATION FROM IRAN AND ISRAEL
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: HINDUSTHAN TIMES
India is gradually winding down its evacuation efforts from Iran and Israel under “Operation Sindhu” following a ceasefire between the two nations. The help desk in Iran’s Mashhad city has been closed, and further evacuations will be evaluated over the next two days.
Background of the Conflict
- A military conflict erupted between Iran and Israel on June 13, 2025, affecting Indian nationals living in both countries.
- In response, India initiated a large-scale evacuation mission called Operation Sindhu.
Current Developments
- With the ceasefire now in effect, India has started closing the help desk in Mashhad, Iran.
- The evacuation process is being gradually shut down, though officials will monitor the situation for the next two days.
- The decision was taken after observing a reduction in hostilities post-ceasefire.
Evacuation Details
- A total of 2,295 Indians have been brought back from Iran so far under this operation.
- Around 292 Indians returned from Mashhad in a special flight on June 24.
- A group of 161 evacuees from Israel came via Amman, Jordan.
- Another 268 Indians were airlifted from Israel to Delhi via an Indian Air Force (IAF) C-17 flight, which stopped in Egypt’s Sharm el-Sheikh.
- Overall, about 594 Indians have returned from Israel as part of Operation Sindhu.
Government’s Advisory
- The Indian Embassy has asked people not to travel to Mashhad for evacuation as the process is nearly complete.
- Citizens in distress can still contact the embassy through emergency channels.
INDIA’S MAJOR EVACUATION MISSIONS
Operation Ganga (2022)
- Location: Ukraine
- Reason: Russia-Ukraine War
- Evacuated: Over 22,500 Indian nationals, mostly students
Vande Bharat Mission (2020–21)
- Location: Global (70+ countries)
- Reason: COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns
- Evacuated: Over 70 lakh (7 million) Indians stranded abroad
Operation Samudra Setu (2020)
- Location: Middle East and Maldives
- Reason: COVID-19 pandemic
- Evacuated: Over 3,000 Indians
Operation Rahat (2015)
- Location: Yemen
- Reason: Civil war and Saudi-led airstrikes
- Evacuated: Over 4,700 Indians and 960 foreign nationals
- Transport Used: Indian Air Force, Navy, and Air India
- Recognition: Praised internationally for rescuing citizens of 41 countries
Operation Maitri (2015)
- Location: Nepal
- Reason: Earthquake disaster
- Evacuated: Over 5,000 Indian nationals, helped Nepali citizens
- Also Provided: Medical aid, rescue teams, relief supplies
Conclusion:
With the ceasefire holding, India is cautiously wrapping up Operation Sindhu, ensuring all citizens in danger zones are safely evacuated while keeping diplomatic options open for further assistance if required.
GLOBAL SDG INDEX 2025
TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONEMNT: THE HINDU
India has entered the top 100 for the first time in the 2025 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index, improving its position from 109th in 2024 to 99th globally.
What is the SDG Index?
- The SDG Index tracks progress of 17 Sustainable Development Goals set by the UN in 2015.
- It is published by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UNSDSN).
India’s Progress in 2025 Report
- India ranks 99th out of 167 countries, with a score of 67 points.
- This marks a big improvement from the 109th rank in 2024.
- India had ranked 121st in 2021 and 112th in 2023.
Regional Comparison
- China: 49th (score: 74.4)
- USA: 44th (score: 75.2)
- Bhutan: 76th, Bangladesh: 114th, Pakistan: 140th
- Maldives and Sri Lanka: 53rd and 93rd respectively
Challenges Noted
- The report highlights India’s structural issues like inequality, limited fiscal space, and climate vulnerability.
- Only 15 countries globally are on track to achieve SDGs by 2030.
What are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
- SDGs are global goals set by the United Nations (UN) to improve life for people and protect the planet.
- There are 17 goals with 169 specific targets to be achieved by the year 2030.
- They cover areas like poverty, health, education, gender equality, clean water, clean energy, and climate action.
- These goals apply to all countries, rich and poor ,and aim to leave no one behind.
When and Why Were SDGs Launched?
- SDGs were adopted in 2015 at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in New York.
- They replaced the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000–2015).
- Aim: To create a better, more equal, and sustainable world by 2030.
Conclusion:
India’s entry into the top 100 reflects positive progress, but long-term development depends on tackling inequality and improving social and environmental sustainability.
ESTIMATES COMMITTEE OF PARLIAMENT
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
The Lok Sabha Speaker recently inaugurated a national conference to commemorate the 75th anniversary (Platinum Jubilee) of the Parliamentary Estimates Committee at Mumbai’s Vidhan Bhavan.
Estimates Committee
- First established in 1950 as a financial committee of Parliament.
- Comprises 30 members, all elected from the Lok Sabha (no Rajya Sabha member).
- Members are chosen annually by the Lok Sabha.
- Ministers cannot be part of the Committee. If a member becomes a minister later, they are automatically disqualified.
- The Speaker of Lok Sabha appoints the Chairperson from among the members.
Functions of the Estimates Committee
- Reviews the budget estimates of ministries/departments.
- Suggests how to reduce expenses, improve administrative efficiency, and reform systems without changing policy direction.
- Can recommend alternative policies to improve performance and cut costs.
- Verifies whether the allocated funds are used properly and effectively.
- Recommends how budget estimates should be presented for better understanding.
Working of the Committee
- After formation, the committee selects estimates from specific ministries or departments for detailed review.
- It can examine any issue of special interest that arises or is referred by the Speaker or the House.
- May form Sub-Committees or Study Groups for deeper analysis.
- Findings and suggestions are submitted as Reports to the Lok Sabha.
Follow-up Mechanism
- Concerned ministries must respond to the committee’s suggestions within six months (or as directed).
- These responses are reviewed and compiled into an Action Taken Report, which is also presented to the Lok Sabha.
- Final government responses are tabled in the form of Statements.
Limitations
- The committee does not review Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) that fall under the Committee on Public Undertakings.
- It is not mandatory for the committee to study the entire annual budget.
- Even if the committee hasn’t submitted a report, Demands for Grants can be voted on.
Conclusion
The Estimates Committee plays a key role in ensuring transparency and efficiency in government spending. As it marks 75 years of service, its role in budget oversight and financial discipline remains vital for parliamentary accountability
INDIA’S FIRST OFF-GRID GREEN HYDROGEN PILOT PLANT
TOPIC: (GS3) ENVIRONMENT: INDIAN EXPRESS
The Adani Group has set up India’s first off-grid green hydrogen plant in Kutch, Gujarat. This 5 MW solar-powered project supports the goals of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).
About the Green Hydrogen Pilot Plant
- The plant is located in Kutch district, Gujarat.
- Developed by Adani New Industries Limited (ANIL), the clean energy unit of Adani Enterprises.
- It is a 5-megawatt off-grid facility that generates green hydrogen using solar energy.
What is an Off-Grid Green Hydrogen Plant?
- Uses electrolysis powered only by renewable sources like solar or wind.
- “Off-grid” means it is not connected to the main electricity network.
- Runs independently using its own energy production and storage systems.
Features of the Plant
- Powered entirely by solar panels with a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS).
- The system stores excess energy to ensure 24/7 operations even when sunlight is unavailable.
- Includes a fully automated electrolyser that adjusts in real time to solar energy variations.
- Known as a closed-loop system, this setup improves safety, flexibility, and efficiency.
Alignment with National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)
- Supports India’s target of reducing dependence on energy imports.
- Promotes clean energy use in heavy industries like steel and fertilizers.
- Aims to boost India’s move towards Atmanirbhar Bharat and carbon neutrality.
Conclusion
The launch of this off-grid hydrogen plant marks a major step in India’s green energy journey. It sets a model for future renewable energy projects and strengthens India’s commitment to sustainable, self-reliant energy solutions.
NAVYA INITIATIVE
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
The Government of India has introduced the NAVYA Initiative, a joint pilot project by the Ministries of Women and Child Development and Skill Development, to empower teenage girls through vocational training under the Viksit Bharat@2047 Vision.
What is NAVYA Initiative?
- NAVYA stands for “Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent”.
- It is a joint pilot programme by:
- Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD)
- Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
Objective of NAVYA
- To equip girls aged 16–18 years (who have completed at least Class 10) with vocational skills.
- Focuses on training in non-traditional and emerging job sectors.
- Supports the broader goal of women-led development and economic inclusion.
Where Will It Be Implemented?
- Launched in 27 districts across 19 states.
- Covers aspirational districts and northeastern states — targeting underserved and remote areas.
- Ensures inclusive participation of vulnerable and marginalized communities.
Features
- The programme will utilize existing schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
- Ministries will formally collaborate to create a converged framework for skilling adolescent girls.
- Builds confidence, life skills, and employability among young girls.
Significance of NAVYA
- Reinforces the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047 by preparing girls to actively contribute to a self-reliant and inclusive India.
- Aims to create future-ready women with relevant job skills.
- Promotes gender equity and women empowerment through skill development.
Conclusion
NAVYA reflects the government’s commitment to empowering adolescent girls through practical skills, ensuring they become active contributors to India’s growth story and agents of change in their communities.